10 Jun 2024
Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Feast of Sacrifice," is one of the two most significant Islamic holidays, the other being Eid al-Fitr. This sacred festival honours the willingness of the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son in obedience to God's command. It also marks the end of the annual Hajj pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the five pillars of Islam. Celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha is observed with prayers, feasts, and the ritual slaughter of animals. This article delves into the rich history, significance, and customs associated with Eid al-Adha.
Origins and Religious Significance
The story of Eid al-Adha finds its roots in the Abrahamic traditions. According to Islamic belief, God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son as a test of faith. The Quran narrates that Abraham had dreams of sacrificing his son, and understanding this as a divine command, he prepared to comply. When he was about to sacrifice his son, God intervened and provided a ram to sacrifice instead. This act of devotion and submission to God's will is commemorated by Muslims worldwide during Eid al-Adha.
The Story of Sacrifice in the Quran
The Quranic account of this event is found in Surah As-Saaffat (37:100-112). Abraham dreams of sacrificing his son and informs him about it. His son, showing steadfastness, agrees to the sacrifice, demonstrating his own faith. As Abraham is about to perform the sacrifice, God calls out to him, stating that he has fulfilled the vision, and provides a ram as a substitute. This narrative emphasises the themes of faith, obedience, and divine mercy.
Rituals and Practices
Animal Sacrifice (Qurban)
One of the central rituals of Eid al-Adha is the sacrifice of an animal, known as Qurban. Typically, a sheep, goat, cow, or camel is sacrificed, symbolising the ram (or rams, depending on interpretation) that was sacrificed in place of Abraham's son. The meat from the sacrificed animal is divided into three parts: one-third is consumed by the family, one-third is distributed to relatives and friends, and one-third is given to the poor and needy. This practice underscores the values of charity, community, and gratitude.
Eid al-Adha Prayers and Takbir
Eid al-Adha begins with a special prayer known as Salat al-Eid, performed in congregation in open fields or large halls. This prayer is followed by a sermon (khutbah) and concludes with a supplication (dua, asking for God's blessings. A significant aspect of Eid al-Adha is the chanting of the Takbir, a declaration of the greatness of God, which starts from the dawn of the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah and continues until the last days of Eid.
Festive Meals and Social Gatherings
Following the prayers and the sacrifice, families gather to enjoy festive meals. Traditional dishes vary across cultures but often include rich and savoury meats prepared in various ways. Sweets and desserts are also an integral part of the celebrations. Extended families visit each other's homes, exchange gifts, and share the joy of the festival.
Historical and Cultural Evolution
Early Islamic Period
The celebration of Eid al-Adha dates back to the early Islamic period. The rituals associated with the festival, particularly the animal sacrifice, were established by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). These practices were derived from the traditions of Abraham and were formalised to reflect the teachings of Islam. Over time, Eid al-Adha became a significant religious event, reinforcing the communal and spiritual bonds among Muslims.
Regional Variations
While the core religious practices of Eid al-Adha remain consistent, cultural variations exist in its celebration. In South Asia, for instance, the festival is marked by elaborate feasts and vibrant markets selling sacrificial animals. In the Middle East, traditional dishes such as lamb kebabs and sweets like baklava are prepared. African Muslim communities often incorporate local customs and foods into their celebrations, creating a unique blend of Islamic and indigenous traditions.
Modern-Day Observance
Global Celebrations
Eid al-Adha is celebrated by millions of Muslims around the world. In Saudi Arabia, where the Hajj pilgrimage takes place, the festival has a particularly profound significance. Pilgrims perform the ritual of stoning the devil in Mina, followed by the animal sacrifice. In other countries, Muslims attend mosque services, participate in communal prayers, and engage in acts of charity.
Photo: Ishan @seefromthesky
Social and Economic Impact
The economic impact of Eid al-Adha is substantial, especially in countries with significant Muslim populations. The purchase of sacrificial animals stimulates local economies, and the distribution of meat ensures food security for many. In recent years, with the advent of online platforms, the process of purchasing and donating sacrificial animals has become more accessible, allowing Muslims to fulfil their religious obligations remotely.
Hajj and Eid al-Adha
The Hajj pilgrimage is considered a significant honour for Muslims, and those who complete it earn the lifelong title of Hajji (for men) or Hajjah (for women). These titles, indicating someone who has performed Hajj, are symbols of wisdom and piety, garnering respect within the Muslim community.
The concept of pilgrimage in Islam began with the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) migration from Makkah to Madinah, known as the Hijrah. This journey laid the foundation for the Hajj as it is practised today. Hajj spans over three days and culminates in the celebration of Eid al-Adha (also known as Qurbani Eid). During this period, pilgrims perform the ritual sacrifice of livestock, following the commandment in the Quran.
Eid al-Adha starts on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, according to the Islamic lunar calendar. In preparation for the festival, Muslims perform Wudu (ablution), attend Fajr (dawn) prayers, and place special emphasis on personal cleanliness and wearing new or best clothes.
Eid prayers are traditionally offered in large congregational gatherings. These prayers consist of two Rakats (units of prayer) with six additional Takbirs (declarations of "Allahu Akbar," meaning God is Great). After the prayer, a sermon known as a Khutbah is delivered, typically lasting between 15 to 20 minutes.
Following the Eid prayers and sermon, the Qurbani sacrifice begins. The meat from the sacrificed animal is divided into three parts: one part for the person making the sacrifice, another for friends and family, and the third for the poor and needy. After the sacrifice, Muslims come together to celebrate by exchanging gifts and greetings, marking the festival with joy and communal harmony.
Charitable Initiatives
Charity is a cornerstone of Eid al-Adha. Many Muslims donate money to charitable organisations that provide sacrificial meat to impoverished communities worldwide. This practice ensures that the benefits of the festival extend beyond individual families to those in need, embodying the spirit of compassion and generosity.
Eid al-Adha, with its rich history and profound religious significance, is a testament to the enduring legacy of faith, sacrifice, and community in Islam. From the story of Abraham's unwavering devotion to the widespread charitable practices observed today, the festival encapsulates core Islamic values. As Muslims around the world come together to celebrate Eid al-Adha, they not only honour their religious heritage but also reinforce the bonds of kinship and compassion that unite them.
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